Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells, most often caused by damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Cleveland Clinic provides comprehensive care for all major types of skin cancer, from common basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma to melanoma, the most serious form. Their approach combines precise diagnosis, individualized treatment planning, leading-edge therapies, and a focus on prevention and long-term skin health. This guide explains the key types, how they are diagnosed and treated at Cleveland Clinic, and practical steps you can take to protect your skin over time.
How Skin Cancer Develops
Skin cancer begins when DNA damage in skin cells leads to uncontrolled growth. The primary cause is cumulative exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun and indoor tanning devices. UV radiation can directly alter the genetic material in skin cells, weakening the body’s natural ability to repair damage. Over time, these changes can cause benign growths and, in some cases, progress to cancer. Cleveland Clinic emphasizes understanding these mechanisms to inform both treatment and prevention strategies.
Risk Factors and Prevention
- UV exposure from sunlight and tanning beds
- Fair skin, light hair, and many moles
- Personal or family history of skin cancer
- Weakened immune system or certain medications
- Geographic location and high-altitude exposure
Prevention focuses on reducing UV exposure through sunscreen, protective clothing, shade-seeking, and avoiding indoor tanning. Regular skin self checks and professional screenings help detect changes early, when skin cancer is most treatable.
Types of Skin Cancer
There are three main types of skin cancer, each with distinct characteristics and treatment approaches. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common and typically grows slowly, rarely spreading. Squamous cell carcinoma is also common and can be more aggressive in some cases. Melanoma is less common but more dangerous because it can spread quickly if not detected early. Cleveland Clinic uses standardized diagnostic criteria to classify and stage each type accurately.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma arises from the basal cells in the outer layer of the skin. It often appears as a pearly or waxy bump, a flat lesion with a scaly or pale patch, or a bleeding or healing sore that returns. This type tends to grow slowly and rarely metastasizes. When detected early, it has a very high cure rate with appropriate treatment.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma develops from squamous cells, which form the outer surface of the skin. It may appear as a firm red nodule, a flat sore with a scaly crust, or a new growth on an old scar or ulcer. While it often grows slowly, squamous cell carcinoma can become more aggressive if not treated. Early detection and removal are key to preventing spread.
Melanoma
Melanoma begins in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. It can develop within an existing mole or appear as a new dark spot. The ABCDEs of melanoma help identify suspicious lesions: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than a pencil eraser, and Evolving size, shape, or color. Melanoma requires prompt evaluation and treatment due to its potential to spread.
Diagnosis at Cleveland Clinic
Diagnosis begins with a thorough skin examination by a dermatologist. If a suspicious lesion is found, a biopsy is performed to remove all or part of the growth for microscopic analysis. Cleveland Clinic uses advanced imaging and molecular testing when needed to refine diagnosis and determine the most appropriate treatment plan. Staging helps guide decisions about further evaluation or treatment.
Diagnostic Techniques
- Full-body skin exam and dermoscopy
- Punch or shave biopsy with pathology review
- Reflectance confocal microscopy for selected cases
- Sentinel lymph node mapping for higher-risk melanoma
- Genetic and molecular profiling of tumor tissue
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type, stage, location, and size of the cancer, as well as your overall health. Cleveland Clinic offers a wide range of surgical and nonsurgical options, coordinated by a multidisciplinary team. The goal is to remove cancer effectively while preserving function and appearance. Many patients also receive guidance on follow-up care and skin protection to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Surgical and Local Treatments
- Excisional surgery with clear margins
- Mohs micrographic surgery for precise tissue removal
- Cryotherapy for select superficial lesions
- Curettage and electrodesiccation for certain cancers
- Topical therapies for very superficial skin cancers
Advanced and Systemic Therapies
- Targeted therapy for specific genetic changes
- Immunotherapy to help the immune system recognize cancer
- Radiation therapy when surgery is not ideal
- Photodynamic therapy for particular precancerous or early cancers
- Clinical trials for novel combinations and approaches
Follow-Up and Long-Term Skin Health
After treatment, regular follow-up visits are important to monitor for recurrence and to check for new skin cancers. Cleveland Clinic recommends a personalized schedule based on your type of cancer and overall risk. These visits typically include a full-skin exam and education on sun protection. Over time, consistent care and skin awareness can significantly improve long-term outcomes.
Practical Skin Self Check Steps
- Examine your skin monthly in a well-lit room with a mirror
- Use a full-length and handheld mirror to view all areas
- Pay attention to new, changing, or unusual moles or spots
- Document lesions with photos to track changes over time
- Tell your dermatologist about any bleeding, itching, or pain
When to Seek Care
You should see a dermatologist promptly for any new, changing, or symptomatic skin growth. Immediate evaluation is warranted for lesions that bleed, fail to heal, grow rapidly, or have an irregular appearance. Cleveland Clinic offers timely appointments and clear guidance on when a skin concern warrants urgent attention. Early diagnosis and treatment remain the strongest factors in positive outcomes.